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Footnotes

Current Revision Date: 08.27.19

ClinicalTrials.gov. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine (US). Identifier NCT02461810, Prospective Comparative Study to Compare Safety and Effectiveness of Two Vertebral Compression Fracture Reduction Techniques (SAKOS); 2015 Jun 3 [cited 2018 Aug 28]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02461810?term=spinejack&rank=2.

view past revisions

Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm. Accessed November 9, 2009
  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The 2004 Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004
  3. www.nof.org/osteoporosis/bmdtest.htm. Accessed November 9, 2009
  4. www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis. Accessed Oct. 30, 2009.
  5. http://www.spine-health.com/treatment/back-surgery/spine-fracture-treatment-options. Accessed August 6, 2009
  6. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/back-surgery/HQ00305. Accessed August 6, 2009
  7. http://www.healthnewsdigest.com/news/Family_Health_210/As_Many_as_700_000_Americans_Annually_Suffer_Vertebral_Compression_Fractures_Vertebroplasty_and_ Kyphoplasty_Two_Viable_Treatment_Options.shtml. Accessed August 6, 2009
  8. http://www.americanbonehealth.org/what-you-should-know/fast-facts. Accessed July 20, 2009
  9. http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-prevention. Accessed July 20, 2009
  10. http://www.americanbonehealth.org/what-you-should-know/faqs. Accessed August 12, 2009
  11. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases –National Resource Center. Osteoporosis in Men, p 2, November 2006
  12. http://www.nof.org/prevention/calcium2.htm. Accessed August 12, 2009
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D0000090516 Current Revision Date: 06.01.21

  1. Compared to the 18g Venom cannula and electrode system.
  2. Stryker Corporation. (2021). Effect of Venom Cannula and Electrode System on lesion size and anesthesia delivery during radiofrequency ablation [Clinical white paper, D0000088252 Rev AA.1]. Portage, MI.
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1000-000-002 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

  1. Alò K, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: clinical response in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Practice 2004; 4:19-29
view past revisions

1000-001-025 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  2. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
  3. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  4. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  5. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  6. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  7. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  8. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  9. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
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1000-001-040 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

  1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Prevalence and Burden of Osteoarthritis: Results from a Population Survey in Norway. J Rheumatol 2008;35:677–684.
  3. Zeni JA, Jr, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:86. 
  4. Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:91–97.
  5. Scott DL. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA of the hip and knee. J Roy Coll Phys 1993;27:391. 
  6. Recommendations for the Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee: 2000 update. ACR Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1905.
  7. Raynauld JP, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Martel-Pelletier J, Uthman I, Khy V, Tremblay JL, Bertrand C, Pelletier JP. Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Intraarticular Steroid Injections in Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Arth and Rheum. 2003;48:370-377. 
  8. Neustadt D, Caldwell J, Bell M, Wade J, Gimbel J. Clinical effects of intraarticular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronan (Orthovisc) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Rheum. 2005;32:1928-1936.
  9. Beswick AD, Wylde V, Gooberman-Hill R, Blom A, Dieppe P. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open 2012;2(1). 
  10. Gofeld M, Jitendra J, Faclier G. Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit. Pain Physician 2007 Mar;10(2):291-300.
  11. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.
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1000-001-201 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Cooper, G et al. "Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures". eMedicine. April 1, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed June 26, 2015.
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed May 26, 2015. 
view past revisions

1000-001-210 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  6. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  7. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Spillane WF. Therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician 2005 Jan;8(1):101-14
  8. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83
view past revisions

1000-001-217 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. The Backbone of Spine Health. Johns Hopkins Bayview News. Fall 2006;23(4):4.
view past revisions

1000-001-233 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. "Deunking the Myths." http://nof.org/articles/4. Accessed October 15, 2013.
  2. Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
view past revisions

1000-001-255 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7 . Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  2. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Taylor RS, T.R., Fritzell P, 2006. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  8. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  9. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  10. Lovi A, Teli M, Ortolina A, Costa F, Fornari M, Brayda-Bruno M. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.
  11. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  12. Jensen ME, McGraw JK, Cardella JF, Hirsch JA. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:S326–S331.
view past revisions

1000-001-256 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. http://www.news-medical.net/news/2004/11/08/6166, accessed September 28, 2012.
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  3. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  4. Cooper G, Lin J. Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed Oct 30, 2009.
  5. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  6. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  7. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  8. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  9. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
view past revisions

1000-001-268 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  2. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  8. ?Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
view past revisions

1000-001-269 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, Volume 35, Issue I, Pages 1-5 S. Pai, L. Sundaram
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. Apr 23, 2009.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed Sept 1, 2009.
  4. Kochan, J. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview Accessed September 1, 2009.
  5. Lovi A, Teli M, Ortolina A, Costa F, Fornari M, Brayda-Bruno M. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.
  6. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA Sept. 8, 2008.
  7. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  8. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  9. Jensen ME, McGraw JK, Cardella JF, Hirsch JA. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:S326–S331.
  10. Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD. Comparison of vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis of the literature. Spine J. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):488-97.
view past revisions

1000-001-270 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, Volume 35, Issue I, Pages 1-5 S. Pai, L. Sundaram
  2. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  3. Cooper G, Lin J. Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed Oct 30, 2009.
  4. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  5. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. Apr 23, 2009.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed Sept 1, 2009.
  6. Lovi A, Teli M, Ortolina A, Costa F, Fornari M, Brayda-Bruno M. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.
  7. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA Sept. 8, 2008.
  8. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  9. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  10. Jensen ME, McGraw JK, Cardella JF, Hirsch JA. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:S326–S331.
  11. Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD. Comparison of vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis of the literature. Spine J. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):488-97.
view past revisions

1000-001-274 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
view past revisions

1000-001-276 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
view past revisions

1000-001-320 Current Revision Date: 12.31.69

view past revisions

1000-001-358 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  6. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  7. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
view past revisions

1000-001-358 Current Revision Date: 08.10.20

  1. Kochan J. (2015, Nov 4). Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Retrieved from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7
  2. McCarthy J and Davis A. Diagnosis and management of vertebral compression fractures. American Family Physician. 2016; 94(1):44-50
  3. Jensen M et al. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of  Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2007; 28(8):1439-1443.   
  4. Wardlaw D et al. Efficacy and safety of balloon kyphoplasty compared with non-surgical care for vertebral compression fracture (FREE): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009; 373(9668):1016-1024.
  5. Beall D et al. Prospective and multicenter evaluation of outcomes for quality of life and activities of daily living for balloon kyphoplasty in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures: The EVOLVE trial. Neurosurgery. 2019; 84(1): 169-178. 
view past revisions

1000-001-359 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  6. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  7. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
view past revisions

1000-001-377 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014.
view past revisions

1000-025-001 Current Revision Date: 05.09.17

  1. Alò K, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: clinical response in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2004; 4(1):19-29 
  2. Carey TS, Garrett J, Jackman A, Mclaughlin C, Fryer J, Smucker D. The outcomes and costs of care for acute low back pain among patients seen by primary care practitioners, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons. The North Carolina Back Pain Project. N Eng J Med. 1995; 333(14):913-7 
  3. Buenaventura RM, Shah RV, Patel V, Benyamin R, Singh V. Systematic review of discography as a diagnostic test for spinal pain: an update. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):147-64 
  4. Amoretti N, David P, Grimaud A, Flory P, Hovorka I, Roux C, Chevallier P, Bruneton JN. Clinical follow-up of 50 patients treated by percutaneous lumbar discectomy. Clinical Imaging. 2006; 30(4):242-4
  5. Derby R, Howard MW, Grant JM, Lettice JJ, Van Peteghem PK, Ryan DP. The ability of pressure-controlled discography to predict surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. Spine 1999 Feb 15;24(4):364-72 
  6. Alò KM, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: one-year follow-up in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2005; 5(2):116-23 
  7. Alò K, Wright RE, Fu ZJ. Open human torso laboratory dissection with annular and nuclear lumbar disc analysis pre and post Dekompressor®. Denver, CO: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy; January 19/20, 2003
  8. Wright R. Preclinical laboratory analysis of Dekompressor® percutaneous decompression in sheep and human cadaver discs: Internal Data. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University; May 2000
  9. Onik G, Maroon J, Helms C, Schweigel J, Mooney V, Kahanovitz N, Day A, Morris J, McCulloch JA, Reicher M. Automated percutaneous diskectomy: initial patient experience. Work in progress. Radiology. 1987; 162(1 Pt 1):129-32
  10. Davis, GW, Onik G. Clinical experience with automated percutaneous discectomy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989; 238:98-103 
  11. Onik G, Mooney V, Maroon JC, Wiltse L, Helms C, Schweigel J, Watkins R, Kahanovitz N, Day A, Morris J, et al. Automated percutaneous discectomy: a prospective multi-institutional study. Neurosurgery. 1990; 26(2):228-32; discussion 232-3 
  12. Maroon JC, Onik G, Sternau L. Percutaneous automated discectomy. A new approach to lumbar surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989; 238:64-70 
  13. Gill K, Blumenthal SL. Clinical experience with automated percutaneous discectomy: the Nucleotome system. Orthopedics. 1991; 14(7):757-60 
  14. Gill K, Blumenthal SL. Automated percutaneous discectomy. Long-term clinical experience with the Nucleotome system. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1993; 251:30-3 
  15. Castro WH, Jerosch J, Hepp R, Schulitz KP. Restriction of indication for automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy based on computed tomographic discography. Spine. 1992; 17(10):1239-43 
  16. Yeo SJ, Tay BK. Clinical experience with automated percutaneous discectomy. Singapore Med J. 1993; 34(4):313-5 
  17. Mathews R, Kent G, Miller M. APLD: A prospective study in an outpatient surgical setting. ISIS Newsletter, 1997 
  18. Mariconda M, Galasso O, Secondulfo V, Rotonda GD, and Milano C. Minimum 25-year outcome and functional assessment of lumbar discectomy. Spine. 2006; 31(22):2593-9 
view past revisions

1000-025-017 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  3. Freedman BA, Potter BK, Nesti LJ, Giuliani JR, Hampton C, Kuklo T. Osteoporosis and Vertebral Compression Fractures – Continued Missed Opportunities. The Spine Journal. Sept. 2008; Vol. 8, Issue 5: 756-762.
  4. Sherman AL and Razack N. Lumbar Compression Fracture. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309615-overview Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  5. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
  6. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128 Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  7. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7 . Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  8. http://www.healthafter50.com/alerts/osteoporosis/Vertebral-Compression-Fractures_7228-1.html Accessed July 13, 2015. 
  9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The 2004 Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004.
  10. Ray CC. Long Life, Short Spine. New York Times. March 8, 2005.
  11. Parker-Pope T. How Well Will Your Bones Hold Up? New York Times. May 13, 2008.
  12. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Calcium. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Data/SR25/sr25_doc.pdf Accessed July 13, 2015.
  13. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Accessed Aug. 8, 2013.
  14. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  15. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  16. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  17. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  18. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  19. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  20. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  21. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
  22. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56
  23. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136.
view past revisions

1000-025-036 Current Revision Date: 07.08.16

  1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7. Accessed Aug. 6, 2013
  2. Cooper G. Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013
  3. Lovi a, Teli M, ortolina A, et al. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty: Complementary Techniques for the Treatment of Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures. A Prospective Non-randomized Study on 154 Patients Eur Spine Jour (2009) 18 (Suppl 1):S95-S101
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  6. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. November 4, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed April 20, 2016.
  7. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  8. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  9. Independent lab results from Fluid Dynamics Inc. commissioned by Stryker July 2009. Testing conducted at 20-21° C (68-70° F).
  10. Erbe, et al., Comparison of a new bisphenol-a-glycidyl dimethacrylate-based cortical bone void filler with polymethylmethacrylate, Eur Spine J, 2001, 10: S147-S152.
  11. Szymborski et al., Characterization of Properties Influencing the Fill and Flow Behavior of Bone Augmentation Materials. Transactions of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2010.
  12. Erbe et al., Cortoplasty: Augmentation of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures with Cortoss. Transactions of the 32 meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 2007.
  13. Carroll, et al., Characteristics of Orthopaedic Composites Used in Vertebral Augmentation, Transactions of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 2006.
  14. Bae, H., et al, A Prospective Randomized FDA-IDE Trial Comparing Cortoss to PMMA for Vertebroplasty: A Comparative Effectiveness Research Study with 24-Months Follow-Up. Spine. 2012; 37(7): 544-550
  15. An and Draugn, Mechanical Testing of Bone and the Bone-Implant Interface. CRC Press, New York, 2000.
  16. Burstein, A.H., et al., Aging of bone tissue: mechanical properties. JBJS-Am, 1976, 58(1): 82-86.
  17. Martin and Burr, Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Compact Bone. Raven Press, New York, 1989.
  18. Reilly and Burstein, The Elastic and Ultimate Properties of Compact Bone Tissue. J.Biomechanics, 1975, 8:393-405.
  19. Pomrink et al., A Comparison of the Mechanical and Thermodynamic Properties of a Novel In-Situ Polymerized Orthopaedic Composite Cement. Transactions of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2000.
  20. Darmoc et al., Cyclic Fatigue Properties of Vertebral Augmentation Materials. Transactions of the 55th meeting of the Orthopaedic Reasearch Society, 2009.
  21. Havener, M. Report – Compression Testing of Cortoss and SpinePlex. Document Number 1010-0003CR2.
  22. The Worldwide Orthopaedic Market. Prepared by Knowledge Enterprises. October 2005, p. 11
  23. Orthopaedic Industry Annual Report: 2008-2009. Orthoworld, Inc. 2009, p. 22
  24. An Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of an Alternative Material to Polymethylmethacrylate Bone Cement for Vertebral Augmentation. Stryker Literature Number 5702-0004, Rev. 00
  25. Deramond H, Wright NT, Belko? SM. Temperature elevation caused by bone cement polymerization during vertebroplasty. Bone, 1999. Vol 25 (2) 17S-21S.
  26. Pomrink, et al., Evaluation of the reaction kinetics of Cortoss, a thermoset cortical bone void ller. Biomaterials, 2003, Vol. 24 (6) 1023-1031.
  27. Cortoss Bone Augmentation Material: Instructions for Use (IFU)
  28. Palussière, Jean et al. "Clinical Results Of An Open Prospective Study Of A Bis-GMA Composite In Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation". European Spine Journal 14.10 (2005): 982-991. Web. 18 Aug. 2016.
  29. Bae, Hyun et al. "Clinical Experience Using Cortoss For Treating Vertebral Compression Fractures With Vertebroplasty And Kyphoplasty". Spine 35.20 (2010): E1030-E1036. Web.
view past revisions

1000-025-096 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  2. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  3. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  4. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  5. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  6. Taylor RS, T.R., Fritzell P, 2006. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  7. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  8. Cooper G, Lin J. Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. Updated July 12, 2012. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309615-overview Accessed August 29, 2013.
  9. Mayo Clinic.com. “Osteoporosis.” By Mayo Clinic Staff.http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128. Accessed Oct. 30, 2009.
  10. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
  11. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed May 8, 2014.
  12. WebMd.com. “Symptoms of a Spinal Compression Fracture.”http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/spinal-compression-fractures-symptoms. Accessed July 13, 2010.
  13. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  14. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56.
  15. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136.
view past revisions

1000-025-105 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  2. Cooper G, Lin J. Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed Oct 30, 2009.
  3. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  4. Lovi A, Teli M, Ortolina A, Costa F, Fornari M, Brayda-Bruno M. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.
  5. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA Sept. 8, 2008.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  8. Jensen ME, McGraw JK, Cardella JF, Hirsch JA. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:S326–S331.
  9. Eck JC, Nachtigall D, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD. Comparison of vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty for treatment of vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis of the literature. Spine J. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):488-97.
  10. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
view past revisions

1000-025-165 Current Revision Date: 04.07.16

  1. Kochan, J. “Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous.” eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  2. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in the back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1; 31(19);221320.
  3. Cooper G. Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
  4. Becker, Stephan, ed. And Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56.
  5. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kypho-plasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136.
  6. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School of Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  7. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15; 26(14): 1631-8.
  8. Sieminonow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Frac-tures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  9. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compres-sion fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine 2006 Nov 1;31 (23):2747-55.
  10. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compres-sion fractures: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16 (8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  11. Melton LJ 3d. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997 Dec 15: 22(24 Suppl):2S-11S.
view past revisions

1000-025-165 Current Revision Date: 04.22.16

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  2. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):221320. 
  3. Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
  4. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56 
  5. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136. 
  6. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24. 
  7. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  8. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  9. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  10. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  11. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
view past revisions

1000-025-276 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  6. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  7. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
view past revisions

1000-025-277 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7 . Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  2. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Taylor RS, T.R., Fritzell P, 2006. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  8. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  9. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  10. Lovi A, Teli M, Ortolina A, Costa F, Fornari M, Brayda-Bruno M. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: complementary techniques for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. A prospective non-randomised study on 154 patients. Eur Spine J. 2009 Jun;18 Suppl 1:95-101.
  11. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.
  12. Jensen ME, McGraw JK, Cardella JF, Hirsch JA. Position statement on percutaneous vertebral augmentation: A consensus statement developed by the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Society of Spine Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:S326–S331.
view past revisions

1000-025-278 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24. 
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):221320. 
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  8. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  9. Melton LJ 3d. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997 Dec 15;22(24 Suppl):2S-11S. 
  10. Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013. 
  11. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56 
  12. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136. 
  13. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
view past revisions

1000-025-282 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  2. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
view past revisions

1000-025-316 Current Revision Date: 03.07.16

The information presented in this overview is intended to demonstrate the breadth of Stryker product offerings. Always refer to the package insert, product label and/or user instructions before using any Stryker product. Products may not be available in all markets. Please contact your Stryker representative if you have questions about the availability of Stryker products in your area.

  1. Effect of the Stryker Venom Cannula and Venom Electrode combination on Lesion Size and Anesthesia Delivery During Radiofrequency Ablation. Stryker Instruments, 4100 East Milham Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001.
view past revisions

1000-025-331 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013. 
  2. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
view past revisions

1000-025-343 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  6. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  7. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  8. Sehgal N, Shah RV, McKenzie-Brown A, Everett CR. Diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of evidence. Pain Physician 2005 Apr;8(2):211-24.
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83.
view past revisions

1000-025-372 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487
view past revisions

1000-025-373 Current Revision Date: 04.02.20

  1. Nguyen U et al. Increasing prevalence of knee pain and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011; 155(11):725-732.

  2. Jinks C et al. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Pain. 2002; 100(1-2):55-64.   
  3. Grotle M et al. Prevalence and burden of osteoarthritis: Results from a population survey in Norway. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2008; 35(4):677-684.
  4. Zeni J et al. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2010; 11:86
  5. Peat G et al. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: A review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2001; 60(2):91-97. 
  6. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Report of a Joint Working Group of the British Society for Rheumatology and the research unit of the Royal College of Physicians. Clinical Medicine: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians. 1993; 27(4):391-396.
  7. Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update. American College of Rheumatology subcommittee on osteoarthritis guidelines. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2000; 43(9):1905-1915.
  8. Reynauld J et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term intraarticular steroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2003; 48(2):370-377.
  9. Neustadt D et al. Clinical effects of intraarticular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronan (Orthovisc) in osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2005; 32(10):1928-1936. 
  10. Weinstein A et al. Estimating the burden of total knee replacement in the United States. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume. 2013; 95(5):385-392. 
  11. Beswick A et al. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open. 2012; 2(1):e000435.
  12. Gofeld M et al. Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit. Pain Physician. 2007; 10(2):291-300. 
  13. Iannaccone F et al. A review of long-term pain relief after genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation in chronic knee osteoarthritis. Pain Physician. 2017; 20(3):E437-E444.
  14. Choi W et al. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2011; 152(3):481-487.
  15. Stryker Corporation. (2017). Effect of the Stryker Venom Cannula and Venom Electrode Combination on Lesion Size and Anesthesia Delivery During Radiofrequency Ablation [Clinical white paper, 1000-025-195 Rev A]. Kalamazoo, MI.
  16. Pain Physician Journal. (2017). Comparisons of Lesion Volumes and Shapes. Produced by a Radiofrequency System with a Cooled, a Protruding, or a Monopolar Probe. Cedeño,David L. E918. (Table 1).
view past revisions

1000-025-377 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014.
view past revisions

1000-025-416 Current Revision Date: 05.27.16

  1. Kochan, J. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous.  eMedicine. Nov 4, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed May 26, 2016.

  2. Cooper, G et al. Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. April 1, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape com/article/325872-overview. Accessed May 26, 2016.

  3. Freedman BA, Potter BK, Nesti LJ, Giuliani JR, Hampton C, Kuklo TR. Osteoporosis and vertebral compression fractures-continued missed opportunities. Spine J. 2008 Sep-Oct;8(5):756-62.

  4. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jan 1;69(1):111-6.

  5. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md. : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; Washington, D.C. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 2004; pg 40.

  6. Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattee L, Ga J. Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. AM Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 141; 68-71

  7. Fribourg D, Tan C, Sara P, et al. Incidence of subsequent vertebral fracture after kyphoplasty. Spine 2004; 29 ; 2270-6; discussion 7.

  8. Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict fracture incidence in women. Annals of Internal Med. 1991; 114: 919-923.

  9. Lindsay R, Pack S, Li Z. Longitudinal progression of fracture prevalence through a population of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16; 306-312

  10. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S.Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.

  11. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.

  12. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.

  13. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.

  14. Taylor RS, T.R., Fritzell P, 2006. Balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.

  15. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.

  16. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al.Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6

  17. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007 Dec;25(4):913-28.s

view past revisions

1000-025-418 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  6. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  7. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Spillane WF. Therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician 2005 Jan;8(1):101-14
  8. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83
view past revisions

1000-025-419 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

  1. 1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. 2. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.
view past revisions

1000-025-426 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  3. Freedman BA, Potter BK, Nesti LJ, Giuliani JR, Hampton C, Kuklo T. Osteoporosis and Vertebral Compression Fractures – Continued Missed Opportunities. The Spine Journal. Sept. 2008; Vol. 8, Issue 5: 756-762.
  4. Sherman AL and Razack N. Lumbar Compression Fracture. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309615-overview Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  5. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
  6. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128 Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  7. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7 . Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  8. http://www.healthafter50.com/reports/osteoporosis/JohnsHopkinsBackPainOsteoporosisHealthAlert_2022-1.html ;
  9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The 2004 Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004.
  10. Ray CC. Long Life, Short Spine. New York Times. March 8, 2005.
  11. Parker-Pope T. How Well Will Your Bones Hold Up? New York Times. May 13, 2008.
  12. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Calcium. https://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/SR25/nutrlist/sr25w301.pdf Accessed Aug. 6, 2013. 
  13. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Accessed Aug. 8, 2013.
  14. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  15. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  16. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  17. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  18. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  19. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  20. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  21. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
  22. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56
  23. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136.
view past revisions

1000-025-432 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. 2007 North American Spine Society Back Pain in America survey conducted by Pulse Opinion Research for the North American Spine Society (NASS).
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  3. Freedman BA, Potter BK, Nesti LJ, Giuliani JR, Hampton C, Kuklo T. Osteoporosis and Vertebral Compression Fractures – Continued Missed Opportunities. The Spine Journal. Sept. 2008; Vol. 8, Issue 5: 756-762.
  4. Sherman AL and Razack N. Lumbar Compression Fracture. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309615-overview Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  5. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
  6. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128 Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  7. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What is Osteoporosis? http://www.nof.org/articles/7 . Accessed Aug. 6, 2013.
  8. http://www.healthafter50.com/alerts/osteoporosis/Vertebral-Compression-Fractures_7228-1.html Accessed July 13, 2015. 
  9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The 2004 Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means To You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004.
  10. Ray CC. Long Life, Short Spine. New York Times. March 8, 2005.
  11. Parker-Pope T. How Well Will Your Bones Hold Up? New York Times. May 13, 2008.
  12. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Calcium. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Data/SR25/sr25_doc.pdf Accessed July 13, 2015. 
  13. Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Accessed Aug. 8, 2013.
  14. Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24.
  15. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):2213-20.
  16. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  17. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  18. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  19. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  20. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  21. Bae H, Shen M, Maurer P, Peppelman W, Beutler W, Linovitz R, Westerlund E, Peppers T, Lieberman I, Kim C, et al. Clinical experience using Cortoss for treating vertebral compression fractures with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: twenty four-month follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Sep 15; 35(20):E1030-6.
  22. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56
  23. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136.
view past revisions

1000-025-433 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Cooper, G et al. “Nonoperative Treatment of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures”. eMedicine. April 1, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed June 26, 2015.
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013.  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7. Accessed September 1, 2015. 
view past revisions

1000-025-434 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  6. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  7. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  8. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Spillane WF. Therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician 2005 Jan;8(1):101-14
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83.
view past revisions

1000-025-435 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Kochan, J. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous. eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7. Accessed September 1, 2015.
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):221320. 
  4. Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  5. Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  6. Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  7. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  8. Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
  9. Melton LJ 3d. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997 Dec 15;22(24 Suppl):2S-11S. 
  10. Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013. 
  11. Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56 
  12. Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136. 
  13. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
view past revisions

1000-025-439 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Effect of the Stryker Venom™ Cannula and Venom™ Electrode combination on Lesion Size and Anesthesia Delivery During Radiofrequency Ablation. Stryker Instruments, 4100 East Milham Avenue, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001.
view past revisions

1000-025-453 Current Revision Date: 08.03.17

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  6. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  7. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Spillane WF. Therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician 2005 Jan;8(1):101-14
  8. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83
view past revisions

1000-025-455 Current Revision Date: 01.06.16

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. View Article, Accessed May 29, 2014. 
  2. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine. 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298.
  3. International Spine Intervention Society. Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures. Percuteneous radiofrequency lumbar medial branch neurotomy. pp188-218.
  4. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71.
  5. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53.
  6. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine. 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7.
  7. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Spillane WF. Therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications. Pain Physician 2005 Jan;8(1):101-14
  8. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9.
  9. Bogduk N. Management of chronic low back pain. Med J Aust. 2004 Jan 19;180(2):79-83
view past revisions

1000-025-456 Current Revision Date: 04.04.16

  1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Prevalence and Burden of Osteoarthritis: Results from a Population Survey in Norway. J Rheumatol 2008;35:677–684.
  3. Zeni JA, Jr, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:86. 
  4. Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:91–97.
  5. Scott DL. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA of the hip and knee. J Roy Coll Phys 1993;27:391. 
  6. Recommendations for the Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee: 2000 update. ACR Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1905.
  7. Raynauld JP, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Martel-Pelletier J, Uthman I, Khy V, Tremblay JL, Bertrand C, Pelletier JP. Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Intraarticular Steroid Injections in Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Arth and Rheum. 2003;48:370-377. 
  8. Neustadt D, Caldwell J, Bell M, Wade J, Gimbel J. Clinical effects of intraarticular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronan (Orthovisc) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Rheum. 2005;32:1928-1936.
  9. Beswick AD, Wylde V, Gooberman-Hill R, Blom A, Dieppe P. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open 2012;2(1). 
  10. Gofeld M, Jitendra J, Faclier G. Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit. Pain Physician 2007 Mar;10(2):291-300.
  11. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.
view past revisions

1000-025-458 Current Revision Date: 01.27.16

  1. Alò K, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: clinical response in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Practice 2004; 4:19-29
  2. Alò KM, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: one-year follow-up in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Pract 2005 Jun; 5(2):116-24
  3. WebMD. Lumbar Herniated Disc Guide. http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/tc/herniated-disc-topic-overview. Accessed September 15, 2015.
  4. Carragee EJ, Han MY, Yang B, Kim D, Kraemer H, Billys J. Activity restrictions after posterior lumbar discectomy: a prospective study of outcomes in 152 case with no postoperative restrictions. Spine 1999 Nov 15; 24(22):2346-51
  5. Mariconda M, Galasso O, Secondulfo V, Rotonda GD, Milano C. Minimum 25-year outcome and functional assessment of lumbar discectomy. Spine 2006 Oct 15;31(22):2593-99
view past revisions

1000-025-459 Current Revision Date: 01.27.16

  1. Alò K, Wright RE, Sutcliffe J, Brandt SA. Percutaneous lumbar discectomy: clinical response in an initial cohort of 50 consecutive patients with chronic radicular pain. Pain Practice 2004; 4:19-29
view past revisions

1000-025-478 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Gupta AC et al. Percutaneous Sacroplasty. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2012; 4:385–389.
  2. Bayley E et al. Clinical outcomes of sacroplasty in sacral insufficiency fractures: a review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2009; 18:1266–1271.
  3. Frey ME et al. Percutaneous sacroplasty for osteoporotic sacral insufficiency fractures: a prospective, multicenter, observational pilot study. Spine J. 2008; 8(2):367-73
view past revisions

1000-025-509 Current Revision Date: 01.12.16

  1. North American Spine Society. Back Pain is a Big Issue for U.S. Adults: NASS Survey Results Show More than Half the Population Suffers. SpineLine NASS News, November/December 2004. p49. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview. Accessed January 12, 2016. 
  2. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed January 12, 2016.
view past revisions

1000-025-537 Current Revision Date: 08.02.17

Bayley, Edward, et al. “Clinical Outcomes of Sacroplasty in Sacral Insufficiency Fractures: a Review of the Literature.” European Spine Journal, vol. 18, no. 9, June 2009, pp. 1266–1271., doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1048-z

view past revisions

1000-025-547 Current Revision Date: 06.29.16

  1. Kochan, J. “Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous.” eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  2. Cooper G. Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
  3. Old J.L., Calvert M. Vertebral Compression Fractures in the Elderly. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:111-6.
  4. Steven, Gain R., Rudolph A. Buckley, MD, and Jon Ledlie, MD. “Balloon Kyphoplasty for Symptomatic Vertebral Body Compression Fractures Results in Rapid, Significant, and Sustained Improvements in Back Pain, Function, and Quality of Life for Elderly Patients.” Spine 31.19 (2006): 2213-220. Print.
  5. An Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of an Alternative Material to Polymethylmethacrylate Bone Cement for Vertebral Augmentation. 5702-0004, Rev. 00
  6. Bae, H., et al, A Prospective Randomized FDA-IDE Trial Comparing Cortoss to PMMA for Vertebroplasty: A Comparative Effectiveness Research Study with 24-Months Follow-Up. Spine. 2012; 37(7): 544-550.
  7. Palussière, Jean, Jérôme Berge, and Afishin Gangi. "Clinical Results Of An Open Prospective Study Of A Bis-GMA Composite In Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation". European Spine Journal 14.10 (2005): 982-991. 
  8. Bae, Hyun et al. "Clinical Experience Using Cortoss For Treating Vertebral Compression Fractures With Vertebroplasty And Kyphoplasty". Spine 35.20 (2010): E1030-E1036.
view past revisions

1000-025-572 Current Revision Date: 12.12.16

  1. The bioactive response of Cortoss has not been assessed in any clinical investigation and the results from laboratory or animal testing may not be predictive of human clinical experience.
  2. Bae, H., et al, A Prospective Randomized FDA-IDE Trial Comparing Cortoss to PMMA for Vertebroplasty: A Comparative Effectiveness Research Study with 24-Months Follow-Up. Spine. 2012; 37(7): 544-550
  3. An Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of an Alternative Material to Polymethylmethacrylate Bone Cement for Vertebral Augmentation. Stryker Literature Number 5702-0004, Rev. 00
  4. Pomrink, et al., Evaluation of the reaction kinetics of Cortoss, a thermoset cortical bone void ller. Biomaterials, 2003, Vol. 24 (6) 1023-1031.
  5. Cortoss Bone Augmentation Material: Instructions for Use (IFU)
  6. Palussière, Jean et al. "Clinical Results Of An Open Prospective Study Of A Bis-GMA Composite In Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation". European Spine Journal 14.10 (2005): 982-991. Web. 18 Aug. 2016.
  7. Bae, Hyun et al. "Clinical Experience Using Cortoss For Treating Vertebral Compression Fractures With Vertebroplasty And Kyphoplasty". Spine 35.20 (2010): E1030-E1036. Web.
  8. Independent lab results from Fluid Dynamics Inc. commissioned by Stryker July 2009. Testing conducted at 20-21° C (68-70° F).
  9. The Worldwide Orthopaedic Market. Prepared by Knowledge Enterprises. October 2005, p. 11
  10. Orthopaedic Industry Annual Report: 2008-2009. Orthoworld, Inc. 2009, p. 22
  11. Effect of the Stryker Venom™ Cannula and Venom™ Electrode combination on Lesion Size and Anesthesia Delivery During Radiofrequency Ablation 1000-025-195 Rev None
view past revisions

1000-025-758 Current Revision Date: 04.22.16

  1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Prevalence and Burden of Osteoarthritis: Results from a Population Survey in Norway. J Rheumatol 2008;35:677–684.
  3. Zeni JA, Jr, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:86. 
  4. Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:91–97.
  5. Scott DL. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA of the hip and knee. J Roy Coll Phys 1993;27:391. 
  6. Recommendations for the Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee: 2000 update. ACR Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1905.
  7. Raynauld JP, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Martel-Pelletier J, Uthman I, Khy V, Tremblay JL, Bertrand C, Pelletier JP. Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Intraarticular Steroid Injections in Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Arth and Rheum. 2003;48:370-377. 
  8. Neustadt D, Caldwell J, Bell M, Wade J, Gimbel J. Clinical effects of intraarticular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronan (Orthovisc) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Rheum. 2005;32:1928-1936.
  9. Beswick AD, Wylde V, Gooberman-Hill R, Blom A, Dieppe P. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open 2012;2(1). 
  10. Gofeld M, Jitendra J, Faclier G. Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit. Pain Physician 2007 Mar;10(2):291-300.
  11. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.
view past revisions

1000-025-758 Current Revision Date: 04.07.16

  1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
  2. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Prevalence and Burden of Osteoarthritis: Results from a Population Survey in Norway. J Rheumatol 2008;35:677–684.
  3. Zeni JA, Jr, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:86. 
  4. Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:91–97.
  5. Scott DL. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of OA of the hip and knee. J Roy Coll Phys 1993;27:391. 
  6. Recommendations for the Medical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee: 2000 update. ACR Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1905.
  7. Raynauld JP, Buckland-Wright C, Ward R, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Martel-Pelletier J, Uthman I, Khy V, Tremblay JL, Bertrand C, Pelletier JP. Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Intraarticular Steroid Injections in Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Arth and Rheum. 2003;48:370-377. 
  8. Neustadt D, Caldwell J, Bell M, Wade J, Gimbel J. Clinical effects of intraarticular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronan (Orthovisc) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Rheum. 2005;32:1928-1936.
  9. Beswick AD, Wylde V, Gooberman-Hill R, Blom A, Dieppe P. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open 2012;2(1). 
  10. Gofeld M, Jitendra J, Faclier G. Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit. Pain Physician 2007 Mar;10(2):291-300.
  11. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.
view past revisions

1000-025-768 Current Revision Date: 09.06.16

  1. Kochan, J. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous. eMedicine. November 4, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7. Accessed September 6, 2016.
  2. Cooper G. Overview of Osteoporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. April 1, 2015. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed September 6, 2016.
  3. Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):221320.
view past revisions

1000-025-789 Current Revision Date: 01.19.17

  1. Kochan, J. "Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous." eMedicine. July 25, 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/423209-overview. Accessed August 29, 2013.
  2. 2 Garfin SR, Buckley RA, Ledlie J; Balloon Kyphoplasty Outcomes Group. Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine. 2006 Sep 1;31(19):221320. 
  3. 3 Cooper G. Overview of Osteporotic Compression Fractures. eMedicine. May 14, 2013.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-overview. Accessed July 24, 2013.
  4. 4 Becker, Stephan, ed. and Michael Ogon ed. Balloon Kyphoplasty. 1 ed. New York: Springer, 2008. Print. p. 56.
  5. 5 Mathis JM., ed, Deramond H., ed, and Belkoff SM, ed. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. 2 ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2006. Print. p. 136. 
  6. 6 Wardlaw D, Cummings SR, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L, Tillman JB, Ranstam J, Eastell R, Shabe P, Talmadge K, Boonen S. Efficacy and Safety of Balloon Kyphoplasty Compared with Non-surgical Care for Vertebral Compression Fracture (FREE): a Randomized Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1016-24. 
  7. 7 Passias PG, Li Gang, Wood, KB. SRS Position Paper: The Results of Vertebral Augmentation Procedures. Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA. Sept. 8, 2008.
  8. 8 Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine. 2001 Jul 15;26(14):1631-8.
  9. 9 Siemionow K, Lieberman IH. Vertebral Augmentation in Osteoporotic and Osteolytic Fractures. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009 Sep;3(3):219-25.
  10. 10 Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Fritzell P. Ballon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for vertebral compression fractures: A comparative systematic review of efficacy and safety. Spine. 2006 Nov 1;31(23):2747-55.
  11. 11 Taylor RS, Fritzell P, Taylor RJ. Balloon kyphoplasty in the management of vertebral compression fractures: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Spine J. 2007 Aug;16(8):1085-100. Epub 2007 Feb 3.
view past revisions

1000-025-835 Current Revision Date: 07.31.17

1. Jinks C, Jordan K, Croft P. Measuring the population impact of knee pain and disability with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain. 2002;100:55–64.
2. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, Leem JG, Kang YU, Park PH, Shin JW. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152:481-487.

view past revisions

1000-900-599 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Melton LJ 3d. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997; 22(24 Suppl):2S-11S
  2. Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HF, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures; technical aspects. ANJR AM J Neuroadial 1997; 18:1897-904
  3. Cooper C, O’Neill T, Silman A. The epidemiology of vertebral fractures. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Bone 1993; 14(Suppl 1):S89-97
  4. Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1215-20
  5. Silverman, S., The clinical consequences of vertebral compression fracture. Bone 1992; 13(Suppl 2):S27-31
  6. Edelman, M. Percutaneous vertebroplasty: A review for the primary care physician. Comprehensive Therapy 2005; 31(3):237-40
  7. Jensen ME, Evans AJ, Mathis JM, Kallmes DF, Cloft HF, Dion JE. Percutaneous polymethylmethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures; technical aspects. ANJR AM J Neuroadial 1997; 18:1897-904
  8. Predey TA, Sewall LE. Percutaneous vertebroplasty: new treatment for vertebral compression fractures. Am Fam Physician 2002; 66(4):611-5
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  10. Kallmes DF, Jensen ME. Percutaneous vertebroplasty. Radiology 2003; 229(1):27-36
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1000-994-000 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. The Backbone of Spine Health. Johns Hopkins Bayview News Fall 2006;23(4):4
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  3. Sehgal N, Shah RV, McKenzie-Brown A, Everett CR. Diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of evidence. Pain Physician 2005 Apr;8(2):211-24
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  5. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain. A randomized double-blind trial. Spine 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7
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  8. Boswell MV, Singh V, Staats PS, Hirsch JA. Accuracy of precision diagnostic blocks in the diagnosis of chronic spinal pain of facet or zygapophysial joint origin. Pain Physician 2003 Oct;6(4):449-56
  9. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati V, Damron K, Beyer C, Barnhill R. Is there correlation of facet joint pain in lumbar and cervical spine? An evaluation of prevalence in combined chronic low back and neck pain. Pain Physician 2002 Oct;5(4):365-71
  10. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD. Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004 May 28;5:15
  11. Manchukonda R, Manchikanti KN, Cash KA, Pampati V, Manchikanti L. Facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain: an evaluation of prevalence and false-positive rate of diagnostic blocks. J Spinal Disord Tech 2007 Oct;20(7):539-45
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  14. Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N. Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain with whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study. Spine 1996 Aug 1;21(15):1737-45
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  19. International Spine Intervention Society Practice Guidelines for Spinal Diagnostic and Treatment Problems; pp 188-218
  20. Fenton DS, Czervionke LF. Chapter 3 Facet Denervation. Image-Guided Spine Intervention 1st Ed. Saunders 2002; p 51-71
  21. Burnham RS, Yasui Y. An alternate method of radiofrequency neurotomy of the sacroiliac joint: a pilot study of the effect on pain, function, and satisfaction. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2007 Jan-Feb;32(1):12-9
  22. Boswell MV, Colson JD, Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007 Jan;10(1):229-53
  23. Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, Joshi A, McLarty J, Bogduk N. Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Spine 2000 May 15;25(10):1270-7
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5702-0038 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

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  10. April 2012: IDE Level 1 Study published in Spine Journal.
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9100-001-265 Current Revision Date: 12.04.15

  1. Cohen SP, Griffith S, Larkin TM, Villena F, Larkin R. Presentation, diagnosis, mechanisms of injury, and treatment of soldiers injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom: an epidemiological study conducted at two military pain management centers. Anesth Analg 2005 Oct; 101(4):1098-103
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D0000007218 Current Revision Date: 08.03.20

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D0000014701 Current Revision Date: 06.13.19

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D0000015872 Current Revision Date: 07.29.19

  1. The bioactive response of Cortoss has not been assessed in any clinical investigation and the results from laboratory or animal testing may not be predictive of human clinical experience
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D0000017804 Current Revision Date: 11.30.-1

1. Noriega D et al. A prospective, international, randomized, non-inferiority study comparing an implantable titanium vertebral augmentation device versus balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral compression fractures (SAKOS study). The Spine Journal. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.009.

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D0000023001 Current Revision Date: 06.23.20

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D0000039011 Current Revision Date: 05.18.20

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D0000066127 AA Current Revision Date: 05.11.21

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D0000068200 Current Revision Date: 01.19.21

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D0000088666 Current Revision Date: 05.10.21

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D0000228551 Current Revision Date: 02.01.23

  1. Levy J, Hopkins T, Morris J, Tran ND, David E, Massari F, Farid H, Vogel A, O'Connell WG, Sunenshine P, Dixon R, Gangi A, von der Höh N, Bagla S. Radiofrequency Ablation for the Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases: Outcomes from the Multicenter OsteoCool Tumor Ablation Post-Market Study (OPuS One Study) in 100 Patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020 Nov;31(11):1745-1752. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.07.014. PMID: 33129427.
  2. Kornick C, Kramarich SS, Lamer TJ, Todd Sitzman B. Complications of lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Jun 15;29(12):1352-4. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000128263.67291.a0. PMID: 15187637.
  3. Nath S, Nath CA, Pettersson K. Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (Facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain: a randomized double-blind trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 May 20;33(12):1291-7; discussion 1298. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817329f0. PMID: 18496338.
  4. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2022 [Internet]. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2022. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2022/2022-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf
  5. Li S, Peng Y, Weinhandl ED, Blaes AH, Cetin K, Chia VM, Stryker S, Pinzone JJ, Acquavella JF, Arneson TJ. Estimated number of prevalent cases of metastatic bone disease in the US adult population. Clin Epidemiol. 2012;4:87-93. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S28339. Epub 2012 Apr 10. PMID: 22570568; PMCID: PMC3345874.
  6. Cleveland Clinic. 2023. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17411-radiofrequency-ablation#:~:text=Don't%20drive%20or%20do,site%20for%20a%20few%20days [Assessed January 25th 2023].
  7. Johnstone C, Lutz ST. External beam radiotherapy and bone metastases. Ann Palliat Med. 2014 Apr;3(2):114-22. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-5820.2014.04.06. PMID: 25841509.

Bone cement: Serious adverse events, some with fatal outcome, associated with the use of bone cements for vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and sacroplasty include myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular accident, pulmonary embolism and cardiac embolism. Although it is rare, some adverse events have been known to occur beyond one year post-operatively. Additional risks exist with the use of bone cement. Please see the IFU for a complete list of potential risks.

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D0000258697 Current Revision Date: 05.11.23

1. Levy J, Hopkins T, Morris J, Tran ND, David E, Massari F, Farid H, Vogel A, O'Connell WG, Sunenshine P, Dixon R, Gangi A, von der Höh N, Bagla S. Radiofrequency Ablation for the Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases: Outcomes from the Multicenter OsteoCool Tumor Ablation Post-Market Study (OPuS One Study) in 100 Patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020 Nov;31(11):1745-1752. doi: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.07.014. PMID: 33129427.
2. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2022. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2022/2022-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. 
3. Li S, Peng Y, Weinhandl ED, Blaes AH, Cetin K, Chia VM, Stryker S, Pinzone JJ, Acquavella JF, Arneson TJ. Estimated number of prevalent cases of metastatic bone disease in the US adult population. Clin Epidemiol. 2012;4:87-93
4. Kornick CA, Kramarich SS, Lamer TJ, Sitzman BT. Complications of lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Spine 2004; 29:1352-1354.
5. Nath, Sherdil MD, FRCA*; Nath, Christine Ann SRN*; Pettersson, Kurt MD, PhD†. Percutaneous Lumbar Zygapophysial (Facet) Joint Neurotomy Using Radiofrequency Current, in the Management of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial. Spine: May 20, 2008 - Volume 33 - Issue 12 - p 1291-1297 doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817329f0

Bone cement: Serious adverse events, some with fatal outcome, associated with the use of bone cements for vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and sacroplasty include myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular accident, pulmonary embolism and cardiac embolism. Although it is rare, some adverse events have been known to occur beyond one year post-operatively. Additional risks exist with the use of bone cement. Please see the IFU for a complete list of potential risks.

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IVS-GSNPS-BROC-1285444 Current Revision Date: 10.16.24

  1. Stryker data on file.
  2. Noriega D, Marcia S, Theumann N, Blondel B, Simon A, Hassel F, Maestretti G, Petit A, Weidle PA, Mandly AG, Kaya JM, Touta A, Fuentes S, Pflugmacher R. A prospective, international, randomized, noninferiority study comparing an implantable titanium vertebral augmentation device versus balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral compression fractures (SAKOS study). Spine J. 2019 Nov;19(11):1782-1795. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.009. Epub 2019 Jul 17. PMID: 31325625.
  3. Ong K et al. Were VCF patients at higher risk of mortality following the 2009 publication of the vertebroplasty "sham" trials? Osteoporosis International. 2018; 29(2):375-383.
  4. Cooper C, O’Neill T, Silman A. The epidemiology of vertebral fractures. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Bone 1993; 14(suppl 1):889-97.
  5. Pongchaiyakul C et al. Asymptomatic vertebral deformity as a major risk factor for subsequent fractures and mortality: A long-term prospective study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005; 20(8):1349-1355.
  6. Kado D et al. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: A prospective study. Study of osteoporotic research group. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999; 159(11):1215-1220.
  7. Hasserius R et al. Long-term morbidity and mortality after a clinically diagnosed vertebral fracture in the elderly – a 12 and 22-year follow-up of 257 patients. Calcified Tissue International. 2005; 76(4):235-242.
  8. Hasserius R et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict increased mortality and increased fracture rate in both men and women: A 10-year population-based study of 598 individuals from the Swedish cohort in the European vertebral osteoporotic study. Osteoporosis International. 2003; 14(1):61-68.
  9. Cauley J et al. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporosis International. 2000; 11(7):556-561.
  10. Center J et al. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: An observational study. Lancet. 1999; 353(9156):878-882.
  11. Stanghelle B et al. Associations between health-related quality of life, physical function and pain in older women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. BMC Geriatrics. 2019; 19(1):298.
  12. Jung H et al. Quality of life in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Journal of Bone Metabolism. 2017; 24(3):187-196.
  13. Suzuki N et al. The prognosis for pain, disability, activities of daily living and quality of life after an acute osteoporotic vertebral body fracture: Its relation to fracture level, type of fracture and grade of fracture deformation. European Spine Journal. 2009; 18(1):77-88.
  14. Silverman S. The clinical consequences of vertebral compression fracture. Bone. 1992; 13(2):S27-S31.
  15. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. SpineJack Expansion Kit 510(k) Summary (K181262). Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K181262.
  16. Tzermiadianos M et al. Altered disc pressure profile after an osteoporotic vertebral fracture is a risk factor for adjacent vertebral body fracture. European Spine Journal. 2008; 17:1522-1530.
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IVS-GSNPS-BROC-847635_REV-0_EN_US Current Revision Date: 08.18.23

  1. Abbasi D, Moore D. Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture. Orthobullets. Available at https://www.orthobullets.com/spine/2021/osteoporotic-vertebral-compression-fracture. Updated June 23, 2021; Accessed: August 18, 2023. 
  2. Edidin A et al. Morbidity and mortality after vertebral fractures: Comparison of vertebral augmentation and nonoperative management in the Medicare population.  Spine. 2015; 40(15):1228-1241. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  3. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis fast facts. Retrieved from: https://cdn.nof.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Osteoporosis-Fast-Facts.pdf. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  4. Fribourg D, Tang C, Sra P, Delamarter R, Bae H. Incidence of subsequent vertebral fracture after kyphoplasty. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Oct 15;29(20):2270-6; discussion 2277. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000142469.41565.2a. PMID: 15480139. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  5. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. (2020). Vertebral compression fractures. Retrieved from: https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Vertebral-Compression-Fractures. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  6. Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet. 2002 May 18;359(9319):1761–7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-9. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  7. Meunier PJ, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: clinical guidelines. International Committee for Osteoporosis Clinical Guidelines. Clin Ther. 1999 Jun;21(6):1025–44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(99)80022-8. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
  8. Lindsay R, Burge RT, Strauss DM. One year outcomes and costs following a vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jan;16(1):78–85. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1646-x. Accessed: August 18, 2023.
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IVS-GSNPS-PSTR-847368_REV-0_en Current Revision Date: 11.09.23

  1. Kochan J. (2015, November 4). Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Retrieved from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7.
  2. Clerk-Lamalice O et al. ISASS policy 2018 – Vertebral augmentation: Coverage, indications, limitations, and/or medical necessity. International Journal of Spine Surgery. 2019; 13(1):1-10.
  3. Beall DP, Chambers MR, Thomas S, et al. Prospective and Multicenter Evaluation of Outcomes for Quality of Life and Activities of Daily Living for Balloon Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: The EVOLVE Trial. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(1):169-178. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy017
  4. Highsmith J. (2019, May 15). Benefits of balloon kyphoplasty. Retrieved from: https://www.spineuniverse.com/resource-center/spinal-fractures/benefits-balloon-kyphoplasty
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IVS-IVAS-BROC-846502_REV-0 Current Revision Date: 12.11.23

  1. Kochan J. (2015, November 4). Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Retrieved from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835633-overview#a7.
  2. Driver C and Shiel W. (2020, February 26). Osteoporosis and calcium. Retrieved from: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/osteoporosis_and_calcium/article_em.htm
  3. Alexandru D and So W. Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures. Permanente Journal. 2012; 16(4):46-51.
  4. Clerk-Lamalice O et al. ISASS policy 2018 – Vertebral augmentation: Coverage, indications, limitations, and/or medical necessity. International Journal of Spine Surgery. 2019; 13(1):1-10.
  5. Highsmith J. (2019, May 15). Benefits of balloon kyphoplasty. Retrieved from: https://www.spineuniverse.com/resource-center/spinal-fractures/benefits-balloon-kyphoplasty
  6. Langdon J et al. Vertebral compression fractures – new clinical signs to aid diagnosis. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2010; 92(2):163-166.
  7. Wong C and McGirt M. Vertebral compression fractures: A review of current management and multimodal therapy. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2013; 6:205-214.
  8. Levin R. (2018, October 17). Kyphoplasty procedure overview. Retrieved from: https://www.spine-health.com/treatment/back-surgery/kyphoplasty-procedure-overview
  9. Highsmith J. (2019, May 15). How balloon kyphoplasty works. Retrieved from: https://www.spineuniverse.com/resource-center/spinal-fractures/how-balloon-kyphoplasty-works
  10. Beall D. (2020). Vertebral augmentation: The comprehensive guide to vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, and implant augmentation. Thieme Publishers New York.
view past revisions

IVS-MILD-BROC-1436100_REV-0 Current Revision Date: 11.04.24

  1. Wu L, Munakomi S, Cruz R. Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531493/.
  2. Hansson T, Suzuki N, Hebelka H, Gaulitz A. The narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal during loaded MRI: the effects of the disc and ligamentum flavum. Eur Spine J. 2009 May;18(5):679-86. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-0919-7. Epub 2009 Mar 11. PMID: 19277726; PMCID: PMC3234003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234003/.
  3. Jain S, Deer T, Sayed D, Chopra P, Wahezi S, Jassal N, Weisbein J, Jameson J, Malinowski M, Golovac S. Minimally invasive lumbar decompression: a review of indications, techniques, efficacy and safety. Pain Manag. 2020 Sep;10(5):331-348. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0037. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PMID: 32609052. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/pmt-2020-0037#d1e525.
  4. Mekhail N, et al. The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up. Pain Pract. 2021 Nov;21(8):826-835 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9291913/.
  5. Deer TR, Costandi SJ, Washabaugh E, Chafin TB, Wahezi SE, Jassal N, Sayed D. The MOTION Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Objective Real-World Outcomes for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients Treated with the mild® Procedure: One-Year Results. Pain Med. 2022 Apr 8;23(4):625-634. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac028. PMID: 35167700; PMCID: PMC8992575. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8992575/.
  6. Data on file.
  7. Staats PS, Chafin TB, Golovac S, Kim CK, Li S, Richardson WB, Vallejo R, Wahezi SE, Washabaugh EP 3rd, Benyamin RM; MiDAS ENCORE Investigators. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression Procedure for the Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With Neurogenic Claudication: 2-Year Results of MiDAS ENCORE. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Oct;43(7):789-794. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000868. PMID: 30199512; PMCID: PMC6319572. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6319572/.
  8. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Abraham B, Samuel SW. Functional and patient-reported outcomes in symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis following percutaneous decompression. Pain Pract. 2012 Jul;12(6):417-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22651852. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x.
  9. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O. The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up. Pain Pract. 2021;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020.
view past revisions

IVS-MILD-BROC-1436137_REV-0 Current Revision Date: 11.06.24

  1. Wu L, Munakomi S, Cruz R. Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531493/.
  2. Hansson T, Suzuki N, Hebelka H, Gaulitz A. The narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal during loaded MRI: the effects of the disc and ligamentum flavum. Eur Spine J. 2009 May;18(5):679-86. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-0919-7. Epub 2009 Mar 11. PMID: 19277726; PMCID: PMC3234003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234003/.
  3. Jain S, Deer T, Sayed D, Chopra P, Wahezi S, Jassal N, Weisbein J, Jameson J, Malinowski M, Golovac S. Minimally invasive lumbar decompression: a review of indications, techniques, efficacy and safety. Pain Manag. 2020 Sep; 10(5) :331-348. doi: 10.2217 /pmt-2020-0037. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PMID: 32609052. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/fulVl 0.2217 /pmt-2020-003 7 #dl e525.
  4. Deer TR, Costandi SJ, Washabaugh E, Chafin TB, Wahezi SE, Jassal N, Sayed D. The MOTION Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Objective Real-World Outcomes for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients Treated with the mild® Procedure: One-Year Results. Pain Med. 2022 Apr 8;23(4):625-634. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac028. PMID: 35167700; PMCID: PMC8992575. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8992575/.
  5. Data on file.
  6. Staats PS, Chafin TB, Golovac S, Kim CK, Li S, Richardson WB, Vallejo R, Wahezi SE, Washabaugh EP 3rd, Benyamin RM; MiDAS ENCORE Investigators. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression Procedure for the Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With Neurogenic Claudication: 2-Year Results of MiDAS ENCORE. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Oct;43(7):789-794. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000868. PMID: 30199512; PMCID: PMC6319572. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC63l9572/.
  7. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Abraham B, Samuel SW. Functional and patient-reported outcomes in symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis following percutaneous decompression. Pain Pract. 2012 Jul;12(6):417-25. doi: 10.l l ll/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22651852. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.l l l l/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x.
  8. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied 0. The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up. Pain Pract. 2021 ;21 (8) :826-835. doi: 10. l l l l/papr.13020.
view past revisions

IVS-MILD-STUD-1476551_REV-0 Current Revision Date: 11.26.24

  1. Hansson T, Suzuki N, Hebelka H, Gaulitz A. The narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal during loaded MRI: the effects of the disc and ligamentum flavum. Eur Spine J. 2009 May;18(5):679-86. doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-0919-7. Epub 2009 Mar 11. PMID: 19277726; PMCID: PMC3234003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234003/.
  2. Staats PS, Chafin TB, Golovac S, et al. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression Procedure for the Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With Neurogenic Claudication: 2-Year Results of MiDAS ENCORE. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(7):789-794. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000868.
  3. Deer TR, Chafin TB, Costandi SJ, et al. The MOTION study: Two-year results of a real-world randomized controlled trial of the mild® procedure for treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Pain Pract. 2024;24(1):109-119. doi:10.1111/papr.13293.
  4. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O. The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up. Pain Pract. 2021;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020.
  5. Mekhail N, Costandi S, Abraham B, Samuel SW. Functional and patient-reported outcomes in symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis following percutaneous decompression. Pain Pract. 2012 Jul;12(6):417-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x. Epub 2012 Jun 1. PMID: 22651852. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00565.x.
  6. Jain S, Deer T, Sayed D, Chopra P, Wahezi S, Jassal N, Weisbein J, Jameson J, Malinowski M, Golovac S. Minimally invasive lumbar decompression: a review of indications, techniques, efficacy and safety. Pain Manag. 2020 Sep;10(5):331-348. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0037. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PMID: 32609052. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2217/pmt-2020-0037#d1e525.
  7. Deer T, Kim C, Wahezi SE, Qu H, Sayed D; MOTION Study Investigators. Objective Real-World Outcomes of Patients Suffering from Painful Neurogenic Claudication Treated with the mild® Procedure: Interim 6-Month Report of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pain Res. 2021 Jun 10;14:1687-1697. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S312573. PMID: 34140805; PMCID: PMC8203201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8203201/.
  8. Pryzbylkowski, P., Bux, A., Chandwani, K., Khemlani, V., Puri, S., Rosenberg, J., & Sukumaran, H. (2021). Understanding Whether Chronic Lower back Pain Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Benefit from Multiple Epidural Steroid Injections Prior to the Mild® Procedure. Pain Management, 12(3), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2021-0093.
  9. Udeh BL, CostandiS , DaltonJE , GhoshR , YousefH , MekhailN. The 2-year cost-effectiveness of 3 options to treat lumbar spinal stenosis patients. Pain Pract.15(2), 107–116 (2015).
  10. Deer TR, Grider JS, Pope JE, et al. Best Practices for Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Treatment 2.0 (MIST): Consensus Guidance from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN). J Pain Res. 2022;15:1325-1354. Published 2022 May 5. doi:10.2147/JPR.S355285.
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IVS-SJ-PSTR-871689 Current Revision Date: 08.14.24

  1. Beaumont. (2021). Back, spine, and neck mobility. Retrieved from: https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/back-spine-and-neck-mobility.

  2. Noriega D et al. A prospective, international, randomized, non-inferiority study comparing an implantable titanium vertebral augmentation device versus balloon kyphoplasty in the reduction of vertebral compression fractures (SAKOS study). The Spine Journal. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.009.

The information presented is for educational purposes only. Please speak with your doctor to decide what course of treatment is right for you. Only your doctor can make the medical judgment regarding which products and treatment is right for you. Any medical procedure carries certain risks and your doctor will explain all possible complications and/or side effects. Not all patients will experience the same results.

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